Nissan 370Z Forum  

Experimenting with Intake Air Temp. Request for comments.

I added two pics of how the insulating is going ( Nissan 370Z Forum - SouthArk370Z's Album: Air Duct ), but my camera died before I could get a shot

Go Back   Nissan 370Z Forum > Nissan 370Z Tech Area > Engine & Drivetrain > Intake/Exhaust


Like Tree4Likes

Reply
 
LinkBack Thread Tools Display Modes
Old 02-05-2013, 12:36 PM   #31 (permalink)
Premium Member
 
SouthArk370Z's Avatar
 
Join Date: Nov 2010
Location: South Arkansas
Posts: 8,435
Drives: 2014 Challenger
Rep Power: 324198
SouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond repute
Default Progress Update

I added two pics of how the insulating is going (Nissan 370Z Forum - SouthArk370Z's Album: Air Duct), but my camera died before I could get a shot of the front of the filter box.

Still trying to find a 4-6 channel thermometer at a reasonable price. If anybody runs across one for less than $200, please let me know.
__________________
Steering Lock Links - Search The370Z Bookmarklet - FSM @ NICOclub
Mankind has progressed past the need for war but we haven't evolved that far. - NachoMahma
SouthArk370Z is offline   Reply With Quote
Old 02-07-2013, 05:04 AM   #32 (permalink)
Enthusiast Member
 
Join Date: Nov 2012
Location: Sydney
Posts: 428
Drives: 11 Nissan 370Z MB M6
Rep Power: 139
juld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond repute
Default

your air boxes are looking like mine. i used 1.5 x 10m rolls of the foil insulation tape to do both completely. All wrapped up til the rubber post-MAF hoses. At the time i was too lazy to take the bumper off so i didnt wrap the pre-airbox duct but i might do that next time i have the bumper off.

The stock IAT sensor on the bank 1 MAF module suffers from heat soak, no doubt about that. Once you're stuck at one light and IAT rises, it will never go back to what it was prior to the red light. Could be due to a slow reacting sensor but from memory it's an exposed thermistor & that's as good as they get.

Before wrapping my airboxes and MAF housing tubes, the surfaces would be very hot to touch, almost dangerous to touch. After wrapping, the interior surfaces are warm to touch but not scalding like before so they make a difference, even if the effect on power is slight.

I've wrapped my MAF tubes in heat resistant mitt neoprene style material (buy an oven mitt made of this material & cut it up). This insulates against radiant heat, esp on the alternator side of the engine where that very hot coolant pipe is. With the finger parts of the mitt, i cut an opening in each and slipped it over the MAF connectors. Lots of zip ties ensured a snug fit around the cables and sensors. This helped delay heat soak but idling on a very hot day (35*c+) but it still suffered. Problem with this sort of insulation is that it also keeps the heat from escaping but i'd say its protection from radiant heat is worth this downside.

Biggest (and cheapest) improvement was relocating the IAT sensor by way of a separate thermister mounted in the pre-airbox duct. I can get IAT within 1*c while cruising at 60kmh on a 22*c night. While there might be some discrepancy between the actual air temp and the output of this sensor, i havent measured it & i'm not too fussed. It cant be that far off. Both the sensors have the same resistance at 20*c
juld0zer is offline   Reply With Quote
Old 02-07-2013, 08:46 AM   #33 (permalink)
Premium Member
 
SouthArk370Z's Avatar
 
Join Date: Nov 2010
Location: South Arkansas
Posts: 8,435
Drives: 2014 Challenger
Rep Power: 324198
SouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond repute
Default

Quote:
Originally Posted by juld0zer View Post
your air boxes are looking like mine. i used 1.5 x 10m rolls of the foil insulation tape to do both completely. All wrapped up...
Thanks for the input.

I'm wrapping mine with 1-1/2" wide Thermo-Tec Thermo-Shield (thin layer of insulation on a foil cover) and then covering that with DEI Reflect-A-Cool (no insulation to speak of, just a reflective barrier). Only reason I chose those particular products is because that's all I could find locally.

I was able to spend about a hour doing more insulating last night. I have the short filter inlet duct finished and most of the filter box/MAF tube is done. Now I just have to buy more insulation so I can do the other side. I like you idea of using a mitt - I'll probably use that on the flex tube.
__________________
Steering Lock Links - Search The370Z Bookmarklet - FSM @ NICOclub
Mankind has progressed past the need for war but we haven't evolved that far. - NachoMahma
SouthArk370Z is offline   Reply With Quote
Old 02-07-2013, 09:39 AM   #34 (permalink)
A True Z Fanatic
 
Sh0velMan's Avatar
 
Join Date: Jan 2012
Location: Dallas/Ft.Worth
Posts: 3,349
Drives: Noisily.
Rep Power: 20
Sh0velMan has a brilliant futureSh0velMan has a brilliant futureSh0velMan has a brilliant futureSh0velMan has a brilliant futureSh0velMan has a brilliant futureSh0velMan has a brilliant futureSh0velMan has a brilliant futureSh0velMan has a brilliant futureSh0velMan has a brilliant futureSh0velMan has a brilliant futureSh0velMan has a brilliant future
Default

Cheap header wrap + Reflect-a-cool/gold works too. That's what I've got mine wrapped in.
__________________
Buy My Car! | Build Thread
Sh0velMan is offline   Reply With Quote
Old 02-07-2013, 06:42 PM   #35 (permalink)
Enthusiast Member
 
Join Date: Nov 2012
Location: Sydney
Posts: 428
Drives: 11 Nissan 370Z MB M6
Rep Power: 139
juld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond repute
Default

Yeah that's the same width tape i used. Stanley knife blade to cut it and trim it to fit over all those ridges.
I'll get some photos of the airboxes soon!

For the flex tube (i assume you mean the accordion tube) i am just going to replace it with a silicone one. Silicone should be more resistant to heat and insulate better, plus it smoothens out the airway for some slight gains. Only problem is they're much more expensive than oven mitts! and for me i'll have to wait about 2 weeks for them to arrive from the US.

I would advise against more than 1 layer of the foil reflective tape. Some parts of the airbox are quite close to nearby components so you don't want any rubbing or fitment issues if you make the airbox too fat
juld0zer is offline   Reply With Quote
Old 02-07-2013, 07:02 PM   #36 (permalink)
A True Z Fanatic
 
JARblue's Avatar
 
Join Date: Mar 2011
Location: Austin, TX
Age: 43
Posts: 36,450
Drives: 11 Z34, 98 E36 M3
Rep Power: 2684440
JARblue has a reputation beyond reputeJARblue has a reputation beyond reputeJARblue has a reputation beyond reputeJARblue has a reputation beyond reputeJARblue has a reputation beyond reputeJARblue has a reputation beyond reputeJARblue has a reputation beyond reputeJARblue has a reputation beyond reputeJARblue has a reputation beyond reputeJARblue has a reputation beyond reputeJARblue has a reputation beyond repute
Default

So I subscribed to this thread pretty much immediately for results, but I am now also wondering what kind of temperature difference you're hoping for and/or expecting, SouthArk.

I have R2C black nickel intakes, so unfortunately, there's no way I would consider any of the exterior wrap options. After I purchasing the intakes, I borrowed a friend's scangauge to monitor the IATs. They certainly get heat soak (I would guess worse than stock), but now I am wishing I had recorded my endeavor as I cannot remember exact numbers. I just remember that the results weren't too concerning after all my forum research. Do you know at what temps the ECU will interfere? Is the ECU using the same IAT reading I get from the scangauge?
__________________

2011 370Z 6MT Sport Gun Metallic | ARC | CJM | Ecutek | FI | Fujimura | R2C | SPL | Stillen | TWM | Z1 | ZSpeed |
JARblue is offline   Reply With Quote
Old 02-07-2013, 07:51 PM   #37 (permalink)
Premium Member
 
SouthArk370Z's Avatar
 
Join Date: Nov 2010
Location: South Arkansas
Posts: 8,435
Drives: 2014 Challenger
Rep Power: 324198
SouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond repute
Default

Quote:
Originally Posted by JARblue View Post
So I subscribed to this thread pretty much immediately for results, but I am now also wondering what kind of temperature difference you're hoping for and/or expecting, SouthArk.
I'm not looking for a big drop, 4-5°F would make me happy. I'd also like to get temps back to normal a lot quicker after sitting in traffic.

Quote:
Originally Posted by JARblue View Post
... Do you know at what temps the ECU will interfere? Is the ECU using the same IAT reading I get from the scangauge?
IIRC, the ECM starts pulling timing advance when IAT gets above 95°F.

Yes. The ECM uses the temp sensor in the bank 1 (right side) MAF and that is what you see on the ScanGauge. I wouldn't be too surprised to find out the sensor data is massaged a bit before being reported, but it should be close to what the sensor is seeing.
__________________
Steering Lock Links - Search The370Z Bookmarklet - FSM @ NICOclub
Mankind has progressed past the need for war but we haven't evolved that far. - NachoMahma
SouthArk370Z is offline   Reply With Quote
Old 02-07-2013, 07:57 PM   #38 (permalink)
Premium Member
 
SouthArk370Z's Avatar
 
Join Date: Nov 2010
Location: South Arkansas
Posts: 8,435
Drives: 2014 Challenger
Rep Power: 324198
SouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond repute
Default

Quote:
Originally Posted by juld0zer View Post
I would advise against more than 1 layer of the foil reflective tape. Some parts of the airbox are quite close to nearby components so you don't want any rubbing or fitment issues if you make the airbox too fat
I did a visual check and didn't see any spots that would be problematic, but some places are impossible to see. I guess I'll find out when I go to do the install.
I tried to keep the overlap on the tape to a minimum and don't have a lot of overlap on the foil.

I used the last of the tape and foil earlier today and will have to make time to go to the auto parts store to get more.
__________________
Steering Lock Links - Search The370Z Bookmarklet - FSM @ NICOclub
Mankind has progressed past the need for war but we haven't evolved that far. - NachoMahma
SouthArk370Z is offline   Reply With Quote
Old 02-07-2013, 09:01 PM   #39 (permalink)
A True Z Fanatic
 
JARblue's Avatar
 
Join Date: Mar 2011
Location: Austin, TX
Age: 43
Posts: 36,450
Drives: 11 Z34, 98 E36 M3
Rep Power: 2684440
JARblue has a reputation beyond reputeJARblue has a reputation beyond reputeJARblue has a reputation beyond reputeJARblue has a reputation beyond reputeJARblue has a reputation beyond reputeJARblue has a reputation beyond reputeJARblue has a reputation beyond reputeJARblue has a reputation beyond reputeJARblue has a reputation beyond reputeJARblue has a reputation beyond reputeJARblue has a reputation beyond repute
Default

Quote:
Originally Posted by SouthArk370Z View Post
I'm not looking for a big drop, 4-5°F would make me happy. I'd also like to get temps back to normal a lot quicker after sitting in traffic.


IIRC, the ECM starts pulling timing advance when IAT gets above 95°F.

Yes. The ECM uses the temp sensor in the bank 1 (right side) MAF and that is what you see on the ScanGauge. I wouldn't be too surprised to find out the sensor data is massaged a bit before being reported, but it should be close to what the sensor is seeing.


95 eh... That's less than ambient for about 6 months out of the year here in TX So I guess my timing is retarded in the summer
__________________

2011 370Z 6MT Sport Gun Metallic | ARC | CJM | Ecutek | FI | Fujimura | R2C | SPL | Stillen | TWM | Z1 | ZSpeed |
JARblue is offline   Reply With Quote
Old 02-19-2013, 09:48 AM   #40 (permalink)
Premium Member
 
SouthArk370Z's Avatar
 
Join Date: Nov 2010
Location: South Arkansas
Posts: 8,435
Drives: 2014 Challenger
Rep Power: 324198
SouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond repute
Default

Due to roof, plumbing, and bathroom repairs, this project is on hold for a few weeks.

I'm still looking for a multi-channel thermometer.
__________________
Steering Lock Links - Search The370Z Bookmarklet - FSM @ NICOclub
Mankind has progressed past the need for war but we haven't evolved that far. - NachoMahma
SouthArk370Z is offline   Reply With Quote
Old 02-19-2013, 10:43 AM   #41 (permalink)
A True Z Fanatic
 
JARblue's Avatar
 
Join Date: Mar 2011
Location: Austin, TX
Age: 43
Posts: 36,450
Drives: 11 Z34, 98 E36 M3
Rep Power: 2684440
JARblue has a reputation beyond reputeJARblue has a reputation beyond reputeJARblue has a reputation beyond reputeJARblue has a reputation beyond reputeJARblue has a reputation beyond reputeJARblue has a reputation beyond reputeJARblue has a reputation beyond reputeJARblue has a reputation beyond reputeJARblue has a reputation beyond reputeJARblue has a reputation beyond reputeJARblue has a reputation beyond repute
Default

Quote:
Originally Posted by SouthArk370Z View Post
Due to roof, plumbing, and bathroom repairs, this project is on hold for a few weeks.

I'm still looking for a multi-channel thermometer.
Sorry to hear. Hope you get everything taken care properly and in a timely manner
__________________

2011 370Z 6MT Sport Gun Metallic | ARC | CJM | Ecutek | FI | Fujimura | R2C | SPL | Stillen | TWM | Z1 | ZSpeed |
JARblue is offline   Reply With Quote
Old 02-19-2013, 12:07 PM   #42 (permalink)
Premium Member
 
SouthArk370Z's Avatar
 
Join Date: Nov 2010
Location: South Arkansas
Posts: 8,435
Drives: 2014 Challenger
Rep Power: 324198
SouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond repute
Default

Quote:
Originally Posted by JARblue View Post
Sorry to hear. Hope you get everything taken care properly and in a timely manner
Insurance is paying for most of the roof. Only very minor damage from the plumbing problem (it was out in the garage, so most of the water drained quickly). Been wanting to get bathroom fixed up for several years now and figured this was a good time to do it. All-in-all nothing earthshaking, just time-consuming and a bit on the expensive side. And noisy - construction crew is tearing out the old tile as I type.
__________________
Steering Lock Links - Search The370Z Bookmarklet - FSM @ NICOclub
Mankind has progressed past the need for war but we haven't evolved that far. - NachoMahma
SouthArk370Z is offline   Reply With Quote
Old 02-19-2013, 05:43 PM   #43 (permalink)
Enthusiast Member
 
Join Date: Nov 2012
Location: Sydney
Posts: 428
Drives: 11 Nissan 370Z MB M6
Rep Power: 139
juld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond repute
Default

Quote:
Originally Posted by SouthArk370Z View Post
I'm not looking for a big drop, 4-5°F would make me happy. I'd also like to get temps back to normal a lot quicker after sitting in traffic.


IIRC, the ECM starts pulling timing advance when IAT gets above 95°F.

Yes. The ECM uses the temp sensor in the bank 1 (right side) MAF and that is what you see on the ScanGauge. I wouldn't be too surprised to find out the sensor data is massaged a bit before being reported, but it should be close to what the sensor is seeing.
Where did you get the 95*F figure? I'm very interested in reading more about this topic as over here in Australia, we experience ambients over 30 degrees celsius for half the year. But from general driving experience this summer i think you're on the mark. It could be even lower like 30*C/86*F as that's when i start feeling the bog on take off.

What i can say is relocating the IAT sensor by way of a separate IAT sensor (think of the GM HSRK sort of thing, except a ghetto version) was the best thing i've done to address the heatsoaked sensor issues. My IAT sensor (a thermister type) is installed inside the bank 2 air intake duct (the barrell between the airbox and the fascia).

I chose bank 2 because firstly i was misinformed on a thread somewhere. But in the end it seems that the radiator piping around bank 1 airbox/duct radiates a lot of heat so if i was to do it again, i'd stick with bank 2 and put up with running the extra wire.

It's mounted about 2.5" from the mouth as that's the closest i could get a flat surface to mount it with a grommet. IATs are within 2*C while cruising on a cool day/night. On a hot day you can't avoid hot air wafting upwards from the radiator and being drawn in while the car is stationary but within a few seconds from take off, i'm within 5-8*C of ambient (based on the outside temp onboard sensor).

As for the foil wrap, mine overlaps a few mm over each section of tape and that's the way it should be. The places i wouldnt do extra layers on is the side which faces the front of the car as that's where mine looks quite snug. Every other side you have sufficient room to go nuts
juld0zer is offline   Reply With Quote
Old 02-19-2013, 06:34 PM   #44 (permalink)
Premium Member
 
SouthArk370Z's Avatar
 
Join Date: Nov 2010
Location: South Arkansas
Posts: 8,435
Drives: 2014 Challenger
Rep Power: 324198
SouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond reputeSouthArk370Z has a reputation beyond repute
Default

Quote:
Originally Posted by juld0zer View Post
Where did you get the 95*F figure? I'm very interested in reading more about this topic as over here in Australia, we experience ambients over 30 degrees celsius for half the year. But from general driving experience this summer i think you're on the mark. It could be even lower like 30*C/86*F as that's when i start feeling the bog on take off.
I wish I could remember where I saw it. I think it was on this site but a Q&D search didn't turn up anything.

Quote:
Originally Posted by juld0zer View Post
As for the foil wrap, mine overlaps a few mm over each section of tape and that's the way it should be. The places i wouldnt do extra layers on is the side which faces the front of the car as that's where mine looks quite snug. Every other side you have sufficient room to go nuts
Thanks for the input.
The front of the filter box was fairly easy to do and I ended up with no overlap for most of that area. It looks like covering the bottom of the filter box is going to be a PITA. I plan on looking online for a blanket-type insulation for the tubes between the MAFs and TBs.


I may have found a thermometer.
4-channel temp logger on eBay. Comes with two sensors. Extra sensors can be had for $2-5.
__________________
Steering Lock Links - Search The370Z Bookmarklet - FSM @ NICOclub
Mankind has progressed past the need for war but we haven't evolved that far. - NachoMahma
SouthArk370Z is offline   Reply With Quote
Old 02-19-2013, 06:58 PM   #45 (permalink)
Enthusiast Member
 
Join Date: Nov 2012
Location: Sydney
Posts: 428
Drives: 11 Nissan 370Z MB M6
Rep Power: 139
juld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond reputejuld0zer has a reputation beyond repute
Default

I actually found the bottom and the front-most side the most annoying the do. These were the sections i used the smallest and most pieces of tape. The ribbed areas you can either make an incision and split it over each side of the rib or just tape over the rib and press it down on the centre (looks neater).

For the post MAF tubes, i'd probably recommend the neoprene heat resistant mitt material i used on the tubing where the MAF sensors are mounted. Cant seem to find a source to buy this stuff in bulk (or as sheets) though I think i'm still keen on getting silicone replacements for the post MAF accordions.

I'll upload some pics of my airboxes (they look like charcoal chickens wrapped in foil!)
juld0zer is offline   Reply With Quote
Reply

Bookmarks


Posting Rules
You may not post new threads
You may not post replies
You may not post attachments
You may not edit your posts

BB code is On
Smilies are On
[IMG] code is On
HTML code is Off
Trackbacks are On
Pingbacks are On
Refbacks are On


Similar Threads
Thread Thread Starter Forum Replies Last Post
Intake air temp data (Stillen Gen 3, need stock) wstar Intake/Exhaust 13 02-06-2013 04:52 PM
Picture Comments SgtGoldy The370Z.com Feedback, Suggestions & Questions 13 07-29-2010 12:22 PM
fs: Megan Racing Oil Temp/Water Temp/Oil Psi Gauge cossie1600 Parts for sale (Private Classifieds) 0 04-13-2010 10:17 PM
Ahh youtube comments vash_241987 The Lounge (Off Topic) 12 04-10-2010 03:35 PM
Are you getting any comments or looks from strangers? Diesel370 Nissan 370Z General Discussions 3 01-15-2009 10:18 PM


All times are GMT -5. The time now is 06:20 AM.


Powered by vBulletin® Version 3.8.4
Copyright ©2000 - 2024, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.
Search Engine Optimization by vBSEO 3.6.0 PL2