Originally Posted by Leingod

Driver = hit off tee really far

Woods = tee shot for shorter distance or fairway hit if you still have 200+ yards to go

Irons 3-9: Anywhere from roughly 200 yards to 100 yards for most shots. Also helps if you need to get the ball into the air or punch it low below trees.

Pitching Wedge: 120 yards-ish for popping the ball onto the green with minimal roll

Approach Wedge: Same as pitching, but shorter distance and more angle to pop it higher in the air

54/56/58/60 Wedge: Also can be a sand wedge. Great for short distance shots onto the green where you need minimal roll

Putter: Wack it in the hole from the green

Obviously all these things are more comlex, but those are the basics.