Intake=Colder air charge equates to more power. Because colder air is more dense more air enters the engine. This, in turn, allows more fuel to be introduced.
Exhaust=Exhaust is a bit more complicated. There are many different theories about how to make the most power. There are methods that produce more torque vs. HP. There are different matterials that provide varying weight savings.
I'm not even going to try cams or FI. There is plenty of information on both on hundreds of websites. A good rule is the more air you can move through an engine the more power it will make.
For your purposes all you really need to know is how to interpret a good dyno read out. Any reputable manufacturer will produce some quantifiable means of determining the benifit of there product. So, understand the technical readout is much more useful than knowing how the part works.
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